Immunotherapy and the Body's Natural Defenses
Immunotherapy enhances the body's defences, targeting cancer cells and autoimmune diseases, transforming treatment with precision and minimal harm.
FREMONT, CA: In the ongoing battle against diseases, the human body's immune system is a vigilant guardian, constantly surveilling for and neutralising threats such as bacteria, viruses, and even cancer cells. Scientists are now tapping into the body's natural defence mechanisms to pioneer immunotherapy, reshaping the landscape of medical treatment. This approach amplifies, redirects, or restores the body's immune response, enabling it to identify and eliminate abnormal cells, including cancer cells and those implicated in autoimmune conditions like multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes.
Hot and Cold Tumours: Tumours are commonly classified as "hot" or "cold" based on their interaction with the immune system. Hot tumours display a solid immune response, characterised by infiltrating immune cells actively targeting cancer cells. Conversely, cold tumours exhibit minimal immune activity, often escaping detection by the immune system. While immunotherapy has shown success in treating hot tumours like melanoma, kidney cancer, and certain lung cancers, many tumours, such as most forms of colon cancer, demonstrate poor responsiveness to immunotherapy due to their ability to evade immune surveillance.
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CAR-T Cell Therapy: This therapy entails extracting a patient's immune cells and genetic engineering them to equip them with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs)—specialised proteins on the surface of immune cells designed to recognise cancer cells. These modified immune cells are then reintroduced into the bloodstream. Upon reintroduction, the engineered cells target and eliminate cancer cells within the body. Initially employed in treating conditions such as lymphomas and leukaemias, CAR-T cell therapy is now expanding its application to encompass other types of cancer.
Invariant Natural Killer Cells: These cells coordinate the body's immune response. They were utilised as immunotherapy in severe infections, notably when individuals afflicted by a viral assault on their lungs reached a critical inability to breathe.
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