SEPTEMBER 2023LIFE SCIENCES REVIEW 19mechanism of action, and the downstream signaling pathways are all important aspects of PD that have an impact on the dose-exposure-response relationship. In the early stages, safety is assessed by determining the adverse events of the drug in animals that are in-vivo models. This helps to identify potential toxicity alerts before the drug is tested in humans. Although researchers use multiple models involving in-silico models, in-vitro and in-vivo tools to characterize the complex dose-exposure-response relationship in early drug discovery, there is an urgent need for better performing models in terms of speed and better prediction. Organ-on-chip (OOC) tools are interesting new technologies to understand this better and guide the DMPK & safety in early drug discovery. OOC models involve microfluidic devices that mimic the function of human organs. OOC models contain living cells that are cultured in a controlled environment to assess the toxicity and efficacy of drugs, also allowing the study of DMPK processes such as drug metabolism and transport. These models enable the control of the cell environment, such as mimicking the flow of blood. The use of OOC in drug discovery promises to provide various advantages over traditional in-vitro methods, including 2D cell-based assays or animal in vivo studies. For instance, to study metabolic processes in a more patient- relevant manner. They also explore multi-organ interaction of drugs, like the liver and the gut, in a controlled and reproducible manner. In addition, OOC is expected to reduce the use of animal studies in drug discovery. Organ-on-chip technology is an exciting and rapidly evolving field that has the potential to remarkably speed up the process, increase the confidence of preclinical models, and reduce costs in safety and efficacy testing of drugs and chemicals. Like any other novel technology, OOC is also associated with a few limitations. One of the challenges is scalability in terms of throughput of models. The current applications are still focused on a few specific organs. The bulk experience for multiple chemical compounds and biological effects is also still evolving, which may be a challenge for the regulatory agencies. The domain expects continued efforts from biology, engineering, and data science sectors.In summary, understanding DMPK and safety is extremely important in drug discovery. With an understanding of the relationship, dose-exposure-response can be more reliably assessed, leading to a more efficient discovery process. Therefore, there is an urgent need for developing new methods and tools, where one of the most promising developments is Organ-On-Chip technology. Although researchers use multiple models involving in-silico models, in-vitro and in-vivo tools to characterize the complex dose-exposure-response relationship in early drug discovery, there is an urgent need for better performing models in terms of speed and better predictionQUICK BYTESDNA SEQUENCING MARKET SIZE WAS VALUED AT USD 5.83 BN, REGISTERING A CAGR OF 17.5 PER CENT DURING THE FORECAST PERIOD (2023-2030), AND THE MARKET IS PROJECTED TO BE WORTH USD 24.89 BN BY 2030.
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